The effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms in Afghanistan Dissertation

The effectiveness of transitional justice mechanisms in Afghanistan. Is justice complementary or contradictory - Dissertation poserFrom decades of persistent engagement and suffering to establishing the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights care, the country has come a long way towards the establishment of peace and security in the nation. all the same the success of transitional justice processes in the country remains precarious due to the ongoing security issues, political instability, and lack of political will. Recent old age have however shown significant progress towards restoring normalcy in the country as is apparent from the rising awareness among the public and the need to end the agriculture of impunity. List of abbreviations used AIHRC Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission AC Amnesty Community ANDS Afghan National Development Strategy ARTF Afghanistan Reconstruction conceive Fund HRVC Human Rights Violations Committee ICC International Criminal Court ICTJ Inte rnational Centre for Transitional Justice CSO Civil Society Organisation DDR Disarmament demobilization and Reintegration HRW Human Rights Watch RRC Reparations and Rehabilitation Committee SATRC southeasterly African Truth and Reconciliation Commission TJCG Transitional Justice Coordination Group TRC Truth and Reconciliation Commission Contents Ch. No. Topic Pg. No. 1. establishment and Methodology 5 1.1. Introduction 5 1.2. Aim 6 1.3. Method and outline 7 1.4. Limitations 9 1.5. Literature Review 10 2. Transitional Justice in Afghanistan 17 2.1. History of transitional justice 18 2.2. Bonn Agreement 21 2.3. Current posture of transitional justice in Afghanistan 23 3. Challenges to transitional justice in Afghanistan 26 3.1. Political environment 27 3.2. Lack of international and domestic political will for justice 28 3.3. Weak and malfunctioning judiciary 30 4. Interventions aimed at effective transitional justice 34 4.1. Truth and reconciliation commissions 34 4.2. Amnesty 40 4.3. Legal Reforms 43 4.4. Lustration 44 5. Recommendations for effective transitional justice 45 5.1. Evaluation of successful transitional justice in South Africa 48 5.2. Recommendations for effective transitional justice in Afghanistan 60 6. Conclusion 64 1. Introduction and Methodology Peace is the only battle worth waging Albert Camus1 1.1. Introduction The past couple of decades have witnessed significant progress in terms of the popularity and acknowledgement of transitional justice mechanisms as fundamental to peace building in post conflict countries. The concept of transitional justice entails establishment of various mechanisms such as truth commissions, reparations, trials and judicial proceedings with a view to retaliate the perpetrators of past crimes and preventing a culture of impunity in the process. However this approach of digging up the past has been widely debated in recent years due to the arguments clothe forward by critics stating that such mechanisms are l ikely to cause chaos and disrupt the existing peaceful environment leading to severe internal strife and fragmentation of an already divided society. Proponents of the process on the other hand maintain that the transitional justice mechanisms are imperative in order to take care and guide any society from social, cultural and political deterioration towards healing and democracy by restoring human rights and punishing the crimes

East Asia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

East Asia - Essay ExampleBased on such a perspective, this paper makes a comparison of the Neo- Confucianism in China and Korea by establishing discussions on the different perspectives and circumstances that both nations experienced during the different eras. Indeed, the main area of discussion for this paper involves the benefits of Neo-Confucianism to both China and Korea and the various ways through which Neo-Confucianism influenced the lives of citizens in the two nations.Ideally, in the study of the numerous dynasties that played roles in China, the Song dynasty made a portentous impact, despite the fact that it was less known for its power and stability, during a period in which Tang had previously imposed great suffering among the people. The Song dynasty, therefore, developed mechanisms for ensuring that the oppressive nature of the Tang came to an end and that all the oppressive activities reversed. Indeed, during the period, the Chinese society showed significant improve ments in the various aspects including economy and cities expansions, contrary to the occurrences during the Tang political science in which oppression was high, resulting in the fall of the economy with success of few individuals and great suffering for the majority. The Song dynasty indeed influenced a state of significant ripening in all the different sectors of the economy. Such a perspective has an accurate view that through Neo-Confucianism a rationalist and worldlier Confucianisms form was established, which involved the rejection of the previous superstitious and mystical elements of Daoism and Buddhism, which had substantive influence on Confucianism, most especially during and after the Han Dynasty (De Bary 314).Neo-Confucianism that had its origins in the Tang Dynasty, ideally, sort to create the existence of a peaceful coexistence amongst an individual and the universe. As such, in the Korean perspective through its scholars, classics were

Different type of market in oil & gas industry Essay

Different type of market in oil colour & shoot a line industry - Essay ExampleThe oil price dynamics in the global market are more likely to influence by a number of key factors ranging from balance amongst supply and demand geopolitical and macroeconomic conditions to the transitions in exchange rates of the dominant economies across the world. In this regard, changing conditions of the global pecuniary markets has also been witnessed to have major influence on the oil and gas industry (Levy & Kolk, 2002). Although the continuous technological breakthrough has made the international producers and suppliers to effectively deal with the issues, but the oil and gas industry underpins major concerns for the nations in army to eliminate the prevailing challenges. This is owing to the fact that the industry is centrally driven by the wave of changing supply and demand along with the unabated financial challenges of the global nations (Sadorsky, 2001).The study emphasises on the key challenges and increasing numbers of threats from the different market challenges. In this context, the study aims to conduct a critical evaluation of the incumbent oil and gas industry of China to determine whether the industry is monopolised by China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), which is one of the leading and dominant oil and gas corporations in the nation. In this essay, the discussion mainly focuses on developing relevant arguments or positions in relation to the literatures used in the previously certain articles. In order to claim appropriateness as well as validity of the research works, this essay tends to include a real example by elucidating the dominant performance of CNPC in the menses oil and gas industry of China.In order to explore the market trends of the current oil and gas industry in China, the discussion critically addresses the present trend in microeconomic factors including the fashion of demand and supply in China. In addition to determine the c urrent performance of CNPC, the discussion also incorporates a clear

Insider threat and Physical vulnerability Research Paper

Insider threat and Physical vulnerability - Research Paper ExamplePhysical security of the database The growing technological advancements are posing a threat to the new requirements of the iTrust database. Cloud storage, a method of data storage that allows users to share cultivation online is one of the basis on which the iTrust database is prone to attackers. Cloud calculation can be misused to attack the database through dishonest activities. Cloud computing at the database, just like in other systems, deal with concealing and have a rather easy registration system. Although the easy registration system gets geared to make the software user friendly, criminals usually use go on technologies to access the software. This poses the highest threat to businesses and consumers that use the system (Shaw et al, 2013). There have been cases of use of Botnets to attack a public befoul network and spread viruses. The Zeus Botnet has on several occasions attacked the Amazon streak. The Zeus Botnet attacked Amazons EC2 cloud computing service managing to install a virus. The Botnet further took control of a cloud platform. The malware remained hidden for a long time while transferring millions of dollars (Shaw et al, 2013).Two shipway have been proposed to deal with such malware. The security threat posed by the malware can be addressed through implementing cloud analytics. The threat can also be addressed through employing more personnel to monitor the database. Another threat that comes with cloud computing is the difficulty with which consumers get to understand the security implications associated with usage of software like itrust database. Whereas most consumers would prefer a relatively easy set of activity programming interfaces, this seems to deter efforts to safeguard the database from every threats. Ensuring that the database gets adequately safeguarded may call for complex application programming interfaces. Such interfaces are able to detect any unp ermitted intrusion into the system and swiftly counter-attack the attempt (Shaw et al, 2013) The issue of account service and traffic hijacking remains a legitimate threat to most of the iTrust users. avocation hijacking has a wide range. It may involve spamming or use of stolen user credentials. Considering the sensitivity of the data stored in the iTrust database, hackers can in many ways put to risk the lives of the users. This can be done by just gaining a simple entrance. In a situation where the attack occurs on the urgent care, the attacker can manage to follow up on transactions, edit data stored on the database as well as steal users personal information .To curb this, preventive measures must be taken. Such preventive measures may include effecting password policies, use of tracking software and providing internet usage discipline to all employees (Researchomatic, 2012). The insider threat Insider threat can be defined as any threat that comes from people within the org anization and who have the organizations inside information regarding how the organization stores its information. The insider threat faced at the iTrust database is quite challenging. A lack of separation of duties seems to pose the greatest insider threat at the moment. interval of duties ensures that an insider with too much power or authority is not able to attack the database using the power or authority that they have (SafeNet, 2013). Example of an nonessential of an insider threat is when a head of department

Where relevant make reference to the royal art ancient empires of Essay

Where relevant make reference to the royal art ancient empires of Ghana and Mali - look for ExampleThis statue consists of a distinct style that brings out the real nature of the chiefs authority. The lines on the surface of the robe show the depth of the folds show up on the sculpture. This only brings out the richness of the textile worn by the chief (Walker and Chaplin, 1997).This is an image of the King of the Kuba plenty from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The king of the Kuba people was in charge of the political, economic and social organization of the kingdom. As a sign of authority, the king would adorn a distinct head gear comprising of true feathers. These feathers were a symbol of authority only fit for the king. The other pieces of clothing contain exquisitely embroidered textiles that have organized geometric patterns. He also has bobbysocks on his feet and bracelets on his arms, and he is holding a spear in his right hand. As a king, it was his duty to protect his people as wellhead as command all the political power in the region. Adorning in such attire was a way of expressing the power commanded by the king since no one else could wear

To what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been a success Essay - 2

To what extent have the Millennium Development Goals been a conquest - Essay Example sexual activity equality and also empowering women, reduction of child mortality, reduction of maternal mortality buy at least three quarters, combating malaria, HIV and other diseases, ensuring environmental sustainability and finally developing a global partnership to help in development. This paper aims at analysing the extent to which the Millennium Development Goals have been successful. It allow for use an evidence-based approach. It will cite the successes in individual countries as well as in the world.In relation to the first target that relates to eradication of poverty and hunger, Bangladesh can be seen as having most progress. Apart from being one of the most densely populated countries in the world, its population is rapidly increasing. This has been the trend between the years of 1990 to 2010 (United Nations Millenium Campeign et al. 2010). This coating aimed at reducing the number of people earning less than $1.25 per day. In the above years, over 10.5 million citizens in the country would advance to earning more than the $1.25 stipulated in the goal. some other 12 million citizens would rise to above Bangladeshs poverty line. (Steele et al. 2008). The country attributes this success to the millennium development goals. In Africa, there has also been a storied decline in the number of people funding in poverty in sub-Saharan Africa as well as other developing regions. agree to preliminary estimates, the number of people living in extreme poverty by 2010 was half of what it was in 1990. Over the same decade, the number of people living in slums reduced by 6 percent. This is evidence of the success in the first millennium development goal. (Clarke et al. 2007).The second millennium development goal touch on ensuring that by the year 2015, children all over the world would be able to complete primary school. Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of Congo has been seen to have the most success vis--vis this goal. Tanzania has achieved a staggering 99.6 percent

Media Ethics Blog Post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Media Ethics Blog Post - Assignment ExamplePerezhilton.com is a website blog by an American blogger and television personality known as Mario Armando Lavandeira, Jr. alias Perez Hilton. This media blog contains tabloid photographs and information that covers gossip items about celebrities. The media blog also covers music awards, private events, and promotes music (Hilton Web). Nevertheless, the blog has been receiving criticism for increasing the media coverage of celebrities, posting misleading information, unethical reporting, and false advertising. All the same, Perezhilton.com remains a fundamental book of facts to news vs. entertainment and has resounding influence in journalism and communication. The Perezhilton.com blog covers and informs the audience on all happenings prior to, during, and after celebrity awards shows like MTV awards (Hilton Web). This generates a real feel of the entertainment events. Consequently, it informs and allows the music fans to vote for the shor tlisted nominees for all music and movie wards. Additionally, the Perezhilton.com blog posts audio and video music links of up-and- sexual climax musicians and so promoting their music. Actually, through the Listen to This category of his blog, many artists have indeed accessed the international market via music posts on the Perezhilton.com blog (Hilton Web). At the same time, Perez Hilton attends private events and posts experience and true information and photographs of himself with the celebrities to the audience. I also like the fact that Perez Hilton speaks publicly against certain vices like discrimination of celebrities and other public figures. However, Perezhilton.com blog discriminates in showing media personalities and celebrities. Indeed, Perez Hilton seemingly has an affinity for given artists and a negative attitude against various celebrities (Hilton Web). Indeed, his proximity in reporting manifests biased coverage on Perezhilton.com blog. He has equally defamed many artists with false unethical allegations that lead to serious lawsuits against him. Additionally, there have been serious allegations of discrimination where Perez Hilton never reports on any information castigating his friend capital of France Hilton. Actually, Perez Hilton reporting has been unethical where he makes untrue negative remarks about certain artists on the internet and posting music recordings on the internet illegally. Moreover, he posts rumors of remainder like that of the death of Cuban President Fidel Castro and misleads the audience on serious issues, as the illness of Michael Jackson that he claimed was a public stunt. More so, the furtherance of same sex relationships in the Perezhilton.com blog is unethical. Notably, the website will have a significant impact on the perceptions of news vs. entertainment. Ideally, the website will have a overbearing impact on the perceptions of news vs. entertainment as it generates true entertainment by informing the audience, allowing their participation, and bringing entertainment close to them. More so, it also promotes up-and coming musicians. Nevertheless, it creates a negative perception through its unethical way of reporting and the biased information it relays which leads to a negative impact on the perceptions of news vs. entertainment. Furthermore, the favoritism in reporting, giving misleading information, discrimination in covering celebrities, and false advertisements generates an overall negative impact o