African American Studies Notes Essay

1. Discuss the four canonical thrusts of the student movement which guide to the founding of opaque Studies * The Civil Rights private road (1960) * Break down the barriers of licit separation in public accommodations * Achieve e superior and justice for Blacks * devise Blacks into a self-conscious complaisant force capable of defining, defending and go on their interests * SNCC emerged as a vanguard group in the CR struggle.* Mobilized, unionized and politicized thousands of Black students * Politicized earthy White students and their leadership through recruiting and training them and bringing them to the S divulgeh to work in the struggle * The Free Speech execution (UC Berkeley, 1964) * White student plain against the rigid, restrictive and unresponsive character of the university * submit for civil rights on campus.* The Anti-Vietnam War Movement (1965) * General student protest against the Vietnam war and university complicity in it through its cooperation with th e presidency in recruitment and query and development programs * Launched by newfound leftists, e superfluously the Students for a Democratic ordi people * SNCC, Us, the Congress of Racial Equality participated * Based on opposition to* The threat the draft posed to Blacks and other males of color not covered by student deferment and especi every last(predicate)y vulnerable in the South * The governments war against Third World liberation movements and peoples in ordinary and Vietnam in particular * Fighting an unjust war for a nation depriving Blacks of fundamental and human rights * The Black provide Movement (1965) * Led to rail establishment of Black Studies * The Watts Revolt in Los Angeles.* Ushered in a new dialog about relations of power in familiarity and the university, the pervasive character of racism, and the charter for struggle to overturn the establish request and prep are a more just society * Stressed the splendour of self-determination, need for powe r, pertinent education, cultural grounding, studying and recovering African civilization * Organizations distressed the need for the university and society to recognize the diverse cultures of the U. S.* Called on students to engage in struggle in the classrooms, on campus in general and in society to improve life of African people and society itself 2. Discuss the consequence of Black Studies at SFSU * It began in 1966 * Led by fatal students * It was the acclivitous tide of the fatal power movement and mulled its sense of sociable bursting charge and urgency * Black students at SFSC and other campuses responded to the national activism of the Black Power Movement and the Watts Revolt.* 1966 changed their name to Black Student Union (BSU) to indicate a new identity and direction. * Black students developed a black humanistic discipline an culture series * BSU demanded a legitimate Black Studies Department funded by the college and controlled by black people brought stiff rampart * BSU also demanded special admissions programs for a maintainn government issue of black studies but it was also resisted. 3. diagnose the major groups mingled and the contribution of Dr. Nathan Hare * In 1968, Dr.Hare, an author and creator professor, was appointed to be coordinator of Black Studies * He was given the task to conjecture an autonomous Black Studies Department * He was fired from Howard University for his activism in tin of students and the struggle of relevant education * He continued to stress on relevant education when he came to SFSU * By April 1968, Hare had completed his proposition and a program for special admission for Black students * The board of trustees continually delayed implementation of the program and it is this which led to the students spank * The university was shut down.* Eventually the students won the strike, which ended march 1969 * San Francisco State (SFSU) became the frontmost institution of education to establish a Bla ck Studies program and department. * GROUPS intricate Black Power Movement, Civil Rights Movement, Free Speech Movement, Anti-Vietnam War Movement 4. What were the early academic and semipolitical concerns of the advocates of Black Studies * Academic 1) concerned with tralatitious color studies. White studies was seen as inadequate and a distortion of the lives and culture of African people.White studies posed white-hots as the exemplary model for everyone, was seen as Eurocentric. 2) White studies was also seen as resistant to change which was necessary for relevant education. Black Studies argued for the need to teach Black Studies from a black skeletal systema skeletale of mind. This modernr became known as Afrocentric perspective. * Political 1) concerned with the low number of blacks on campus, which was seen as racist exclusion to maintain a white monopoly.So it was demanded that special admission and recruitment efforts were made to solve this problem. 2) implicated with the treatment of racism. Sought out to make blacks abide byed and politically involved on campus. 3) Concerned with social problems of the black union and how black students and black studies could address and solve them. 5. What were the early objectives of Black Studies * To teach the Black capture in all its variedness and with special attention to history, culture, and current issues.* Black Studies encounter and create a body of knowledge that contributed to sharp and political emancipation. (Developing an intellectual and dependent mind and using that knowledge in the interest of Black and human lay offdom). * Create intellectuals who were dedicated to friendship service and stressed the importance for Black intellectuals who were conscious, capable, and committed to Black liberation and a higher train of human life.* To nurture, maintain, and continue expansion of an as beneficial relationship mingled with the campus and the community. Dr. Nathan Hare We must bring community to the campus and the campus to the community. * To establish and embody its position in the academy as a discipline natural to the educational project and to any real conception of a quality education. (Both an academic and political challenge). Chapter Two Study Questions 4. Discuss the emergence of the Afrocentric possibility and Molefi Asantes founding role in it.* Emerging in the late 70s and finding its theoretical foundation in a work by Molefi Asante titled Afrocentricity The Theory of Social Change and published in 1980 * Asante introduced Afrocentricity as the indispensable perspective of the Black Studies project and initiated a wide-ranging discussion which had both academic and social implications and consequences * Asante energized Black Studies discourse and gave a insolent and added thrust to the pursuit of new re see directions in Black Studies with his public press on African location or centeredness, African agency, and an African frame of ref erence in research and methodology and intellectual production * He became a much sought after lecturer and commentator * He defines Afrocentrism as a term used to negate and miscast Afrocentricity by its opponents 5. What does multiculturalism and pluralism have in common?* Multiculturalism can be defined as thought and practice organized around respect for human sort * Expression in four basic ways * usual respect for each people and culture as a ridiculous and equally valuable way of being human in the world * Mutual respect for each peoples right and responsibility to deliver their own special cultural truth and make their own unique contribution to society and the world * Mutual committedness to the constant search for common ground in the midst of our diversity * Mutual commitment to an ethics of sharing in order to build the world we all want and deserve to live in * Pluralism * Based on transcendent values as determined by the host of society Chapter cardinal Studying Questions 1.What arguments does Van Sertima make to prove African presence in Olmec civilization? * Unearthed usher alike more Olmec heads, especially one at tres zapotes showing Ethiopian type braids more clay sculptures of African types which reflect the coloration and texture of African hair reaffirmation of skeletal evidence new evidence from ancient maps new comparisons of African and south African pyramids and further discussion on dating of the voyages. 2. What are some basic misconceptions about the holocaust of enslavement? Discuss its impact. * The enslavement was not a trade but instead the whole influence by which captives were obtained on African soil was through warfare, trickery, banditry and kidnapping.* Europeans blame Arabs and Africans for participation in the process of enslavement, however they were always the ones benefitting from it. Basically, what looked like an Arab-controlled trade was in fact a European dominated trade with Europeans using Arabs as mid dlemen. * Although some Africans enslaved others, it was a part of their culture and they were able to be civil with the rest of society. * dissemble depopulation through mass murder, societal disruption/destruction, forced transfer of populations, caused personnel casualty of youth and skilled personnel, thus affected scientific, technological and cultural supercharge of africs. Economic destruction. 3. What was the basis for enslavement and some of its basic aspects?* Based on brutality, cultural genocide, and machinery of control. * Brutality physical, psychological, sexual * cultural genocide destruction of political identities and ethnic units, families, cultural leaders, the outlawing of African languages. * Machinery of control involved five mechanisms of control- laws, compulsive bodies, the church, politically divisive strategies, plantation punishments * 4. List and discuss the major forms of resistance to enslavement * Day-to-day resistance daily refusal and challen ge with which Africans confronted the enslavement system. include sabotage, breaking tools, destroying crops etc. * Abolitionism ( on a lower floorground railroad).* Emigrationism the push to emigrate back to Africa or go elsewhere where Africans could be free. * Armed resistance revolts, ship mutinies, etc. * Cultural resistance used culture to inspire and maintain ones humanity through dances, moral narratives, music etc. 5. What were some of the basic reasons for the failure of reconstruction? * White terrorist societies intensified. Ex ku klux klan * Congress did not give blacks the support they needed and they were essentially reintegrated back into the southern economy under semi-enslaved conditions as sharecroppers. * Black codes (segregation and discrimination) and they didnt receive land, forcing them back to the plantation.* Supreme judicial systems benefit through rulings favorable to the south * The Hayes-Tilden com look to in 1877- president hayes granted south federal troop withdrawal, leave blacks to fend for themselves in racist society 6. What were some of the reasons for the great migration? * To feed the racist south * Wanted to escape crop failures, natural disasters like floods in the south * Growth of industry in the north, labor demands callable to WWI * No more immigration from Europe, therefore no more artless laborers and domestic servants * The north promised blacks greater opportunities- recruited them 7. What were some of the major organizations founded to struggle against unfairness in the early 1900s? Discuss the black womens club movement.* Rose out of African cultural traditions which stressed responsibility to family and community which led to free black women and men establishing numerous mutual aid societies during enslavement * Founded first-class honours degree national conference of the colored women of America which established the national familiarity of colored women * Also the Niagra movement, the NAACP and th e urban league 8. Identify the major groups and leaders of the 60s * Booker T. Washington major black leader of his time * W. E. B. DuBois white activist-scholar * Marcus Garvey pan-africanist dedicated to building a nation-state in Africa * Ida B. Wells-Barnett journalist, organizer, lecturer and teacher 9. What are some major challenges and achievements of the 70s, 80s and 90s? * 70s 1.Challenges- began with recovery from the massive suppression on the black movement by COINTELRO (counterintelligence program launched by the FBI by director J. Edgar vacuum) 2. Hoover tried to stifle any form of a black innovation 3. Affirmative action- reverse discrimination 4. Achievements- blacks penetration and victories in electoral government activity 5. Sought to build national independent power structures 6. Resurgence of pan-africanism * *80s 1. Challenges- proceed crisis of US society, rise of the vulgar and respectable right, continuing struggle to retrace a black mass movement and a ppropriate alliances and coalitions in order to defend black gains, win new ones and minimize losses 2. caper of alliance and coalition 3. Achievements- heightened level of electoral political activity among blacks 4. starting signal black governor (Virginia) * 90s 1. Challenges- increasing negative attitude of the Supreme judicatory to racial injustice and affirmative action, continuation of hate crimes, veto and afterwards passage of 1991 civil rights act, increase in poverty 2. Achievements- election of measuring Clinton and 39 blacks on congress and one black senator 10. Discuss the meg persons marches. What were their similar concerns and their effect on the black community?* **Million man march/ day of absence- voiced concern about increasing racism, deteriorating social conditions, etc.and the impact on the world * -Day of absence women organized communities to stay onward from business/ school and to register people to vote and empower the community as a whole * -Creat ed a sense of possibility and promise after there were increases in membership in organizations, adoption rates, mentoring programs and social activism.* Million woman march- needed to energize the lives and struggles of black women * Million youth march- same thing, but with youths (not a huge turnout) * All of these marches were a statement for self-consciousness as black men, women, and youth and the responsibility to community and struggle which this implies and requires 11. What are some major challenges of the beginning 21st one C? * 2000 presidential election and voter suppression (gore and bush), tragedy and aftermath of hurricane Katrina, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS epidemic, continuing police abuse, deteriorating socio-economic conditions